Breast cancer, Lumpectomy, Mastectomy

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Breast cancer is a serious disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the breast. The breast is made up of lobes and ducts. Each

breast has 15 to 20 sections called lobes, which have many smaller sections known as lobules. Lobules end in dozens of tiny bulbs that can produce milk.

Causes

Family history has long been known to be a major risk factor for breast cancer. Both maternal and paternal relatives are important in this case. The risk is highest if the affected relative developed breast cancer at a young age, had cancer in both breasts, or if she is a close relative.

Hormonal causes: Hormonal influences play a role in the development of breast cancer.
Dietary causes: Breast cancer seems to occur more frequently in countries with high dietary intake of fat.
Environmental causes: Radiation treatment seems to increase the chances of developing breast cancer but only after a long delay. Women who received radiation therapy to the upper body for treatment of Hodgkin disease before age 30 have a significantly higher rate of breast cancer than the general population.

Symptoms

Early breast cancer has no symptoms. It is usually not painful. Most breast cancer is discovered before symptoms are present, either by finding an abnormality on mammography or appearance of a breast lump. A lump in the armpit or above the collarbone that does not go away may be evolution of cancer. Other possible symptoms are breast discharge, nipple inversion, or changes in the skin overlying the breast.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of breast cancer usually comprises several steps. Some of them are- examination of the breast, mammography, possibly ultrasonography or MRI, and finally biopsy. Biopsy is the only definitive way to diagnose breast cancer. A complete breast examination includes visual inspection and careful palpation (feeling) of the breasts, the armpits, and the areas around patient's collarbone.

Prevention

The most important risk factors for the development of breast cancer are sex, age, and genetics. Because women can do nothing about these risks, regular screening is prescribed in order to allow early detection and thus prevent premature and painful death from breast cancer. Regular screening may include breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography. Which test to choose depends on risk. One must go for clinical breast examination as soon as possible.

Treatment

Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for breast cancer. The choice of which type of surgery is based on a number of factors that include- the size and location of the tumor, the type of tumor, and the person's overall health and personal wishes. Breast-sparing surgery is often possible these days.

Lumpectomy

This is also termed as breast conserving therapy. The surgeon removes the cancerous area and a surrounding margin of normal tissue. A second incision may be made in order to remove the lymph nodes. This treatment aims to maintain a normal breast appearance after the surgery.

After lumpectomy, a five- to eight-week course of radiation therapy is used to treat the remaining breast tissue. The majority of women who have small, early-stage breast cancers are ideal candidates for this treatment approach.

Women who are not usually eligible for a lumpectomy include those who have already had radiation therapy to the affected breast, have two or more areas of cancer in the same breast that are too far apart to be removed through one incision, or have cancer that was not completely removed during the lumpectomy surgery.

Mastectomy

Partial or Segmental Mastectomy or Quadrantectomy

The surgeon removes more breast tissue than in case of lumpectomy. The cancerous area and a surrounding margin of normal tissue are removed, and radiation therapy is usually given after surgery for six to eight weeks.

Simple or Total Mastectomy

The entire breast is removed, but no lymph nodes are removed in this procedure. Simple mastectomy is most frequently used for further cancer prevention or when the cancer does not reach the lymph nodes.

Radical Mastectomy

The surgeon removes all of the breast tissue along with the nipple, lymph nodes in the armpit, and chest wall muscles under the breast. This procedure is rarely performed today because modified radical mastectomy has proved to be more effective and less disfiguring.

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Breast cancer|Lumpectomy