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Breast cancer is a serious disease in which
malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the breast. The breast is
made up of lobes and ducts. Each
breast has 15 to 20 sections called lobes,
which have many smaller sections known as lobules. Lobules end in dozens of
tiny bulbs that can produce milk.
Family history has long been known to be a major
risk factor for breast cancer. Both maternal and paternal relatives are
important in this case. The risk is highest if the affected relative
developed breast cancer at a young age, had cancer in both breasts, or if
she is a close relative.
Early breast cancer has no symptoms. It is
usually not painful. Most breast cancer is discovered before symptoms are
present, either by finding an abnormality on mammography or appearance of a
breast lump. A lump in the armpit or above the collarbone that does not go
away may be evolution of cancer. Other possible symptoms are breast
discharge, nipple inversion, or changes in the skin overlying the breast.
Diagnosis of breast cancer usually comprises
several steps. Some of them are- examination of the breast, mammography,
possibly ultrasonography or MRI, and finally biopsy. Biopsy is the only
definitive way to diagnose breast cancer. A complete breast examination
includes visual inspection and careful palpation (feeling) of the breasts,
the armpits, and the areas around patient's collarbone.
The most important risk factors for the
development of breast cancer are sex, age, and genetics. Because women can
do nothing about these risks, regular screening is prescribed in order to
allow early detection and thus prevent premature and painful death from
breast cancer. Regular screening may include breast self-examination,
clinical breast examination, and mammography. Which test to choose depends
on risk. One must go for clinical breast examination as soon as possible.
Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for breast
cancer. The choice of which type of surgery is based on a number of factors
that include- the size and location of the tumor, the type of tumor, and the
person's overall health and personal wishes. Breast-sparing surgery is often
possible these days.
This is also termed as breast conserving
therapy. The surgeon removes the cancerous area and a surrounding margin of
normal tissue. A second incision may be made in order to remove the lymph
nodes. This treatment aims to maintain a normal breast appearance after the
surgery.
After lumpectomy, a five- to eight-week course of radiation therapy is used
to treat the remaining breast tissue. The majority of women who have small,
early-stage breast cancers are ideal candidates for this treatment approach.
Women who are not usually eligible for a lumpectomy include those who have
already had radiation therapy to the affected breast, have two or more areas
of cancer in the same breast that are too far apart to be removed through
one incision, or have cancer that was not completely removed during the
lumpectomy surgery.
The surgeon removes more breast tissue than in
case of lumpectomy. The cancerous area and a surrounding margin of normal
tissue are removed, and radiation therapy is usually given after surgery for
six to eight weeks.
The entire breast is removed, but no lymph nodes
are removed in this procedure. Simple mastectomy is most frequently used for
further cancer prevention or when the cancer does not reach the lymph nodes.
The surgeon removes all of the breast tissue
along with the nipple, lymph nodes in the armpit, and chest wall muscles
under the breast. This procedure is rarely performed today because modified
radical mastectomy has proved to be more effective and less disfiguring.
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